淋洗剂对多金属污染尾矿土壤的修复效应及技术研究

以我国南方某多金属复合污染尾矿土壤为研究对象,对土壤中重金属全量和各形态含量进行分析.通过系列振荡淋洗试验研究了蒸馏水、草酸、柠檬酸、乙酸、硝酸和EDTA对污染土壤的淋洗效果,筛选合适的淋洗剂及其最佳的液土比、液洗时间、淋洗次数等技术参数,并提出利用综合毒性消减指数来综合评价淋洗剂对污染土壤的修复效果.结果表明,该土壤以Cd和Pb污染最为严重,含量分别达52.2 mg.kg-1和4 836.5 mg.kg-1;淋洗剂对土壤中不同重金属元素的淋洗效果差异明显,其中对Cr的去除率最高仅为2.7%,而最多能去除约60%的Cd和Pb;蒸馏水对重金属几乎没有脱除效果,去除率都在0.1%以下,草酸和乙酸对重金属的去除率也较低,0.1 mol.L-1的EDTA是适合的高效淋洗剂;基于综合毒性消减指数和经济成本,选择在1∶6土水比2次淋洗3 h的技术条件.     

高浓度氨氮胁迫对纤细裸藻的毒性效应

采用室内培养方法,通过检测纤细裸藻生长、光合色素含量、抗氧化酶活性及DNA损伤(彗星实验)研究了高浓度氨氮胁迫对纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)的毒性效应,以期为氨氮的水生态风险评价以及藻类污水净化提供科学依据.结果表明,氨氮在所设定的浓度范围内抑制藻类的生长,浓度越高,抑制越明显,2 000 mg·L-1时相比对照抑制率达55.7%;叶绿素含量随氨氮浓度增加先升高后下降,蛋白质含量与叶绿素变化趋势基本吻合;抗氧化酶系统中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性随氨氮浓度增加而上升,2 000 mg·L-1时比对照分别增加了30.7%和49.4%,提示氨氮胁迫可诱导抗氧化酶活性增加;彗星实验中,纤细裸藻细胞DNA损伤程度随氨氮浓度增加而加重,表明高浓度氨氮具有潜在的致突变性.     

Effects of chronic exposure to nonylphenol on locomotor activity and social behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Nonylphenol(NP),a xenoestrogen ubiquitously found in aquatic ecosystems,is of high environmental concern.The present work assessed the effects of exposure to NP on locomotor activity and social behavior in male and female zebrafish(Danio rerio),to evaluate the possible hazard of NP to fish behavior and to pursue a potential biomarker of NP contamination.Fish were randomly divided into six groups.Five groups were receiving 0.1,1,10,50 and 100 μg/L nominal concentrations of NP for 60 days,respectively.A sixth control group was given the same treatment as the other five groups,but no NP.Locomotor activity,aggressive behavior,group preference and leaving shoal were examined.NP exposure showed marked influence on locomotor activity of the male zebrafish,whereas that of the female was not significantly affected by NP.Aggressive behavior and group preference were significantly affected by NP exposure in both male and female groups.Locomotor activity and aggressive behavior of the male and group preference of both male and female zebrafish were clearly inhibited at 100 μg/L NP.No significant alteration in leaving shoal was observed under NP exposure.The results suggested that changes in locomotor activity and aggressive behavior of the male and group preference of both male and female may be used as an ecologically relevant integrative biomarker of NP contamination.     

Chronic toxicity and cytotoxicity of synthetic pyrethroid insecticide cis-bifenthrin

With the increasing use of synthetic pyrethroids (SPs), the significance of ecological safety and health risk is an emerging concern. In this study, we evaluated the chronic aquatic toxicity of cis-bifenthrin (cis-BF) in Daphnia magna and its cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as well as human cervical carcinoma (Hela) cells. Chronic aquatic toxicity tests showed that cis-BF could significantly affect the reproduction of D. magna. The lowest observed effective concentration and the non-observed effective concentration of cis-BF to D. magna were 0.02 and 0.01 μg/L, respectively, and the chronic value was 0.014 μg/L. The intrinsic rate of natural increase was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) to 0.02 μg/L. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that cis-BF decreased cell viability in CHO and Hela cells in a concentration-and time-dependent manner. The IC₅₀ values for Hela and CHO cells were 4.0 × 10⁻⁵ and 3.2 × 10⁻⁵ mol/L, respectively. Together, these results indicated that cis-BF induced chronic toxicity in both aquatic invertebrate animals and mammalian cells. These findings assist in understanding the impact of SPs on health and environmental safety. Considering the wide spectrum of SPs, a more comprehensive understanding of the negative effects is indispensible for planning future application and regulation of these pesticides.     

不同浓度Pb(Ⅱ)对稀脉萍和紫萍的毒性效应

浮萍类植物(以下简称浮萍)具有繁殖快、用途广泛、综合利用率高等优良特性,可应用于水生生态毒理学的研究。选择我国浮萍中分布最广的两个种类,即稀脉萍(Lemma aequinoctialis)和紫萍(Spirodelapolyrrhiza)作为植物材料,选择Pb(Ⅱ)作为实验重金属,探讨不同浓度Pb(Ⅱ)对这2种浮萍的毒性影响。结果表明:(1)随着Pb(Ⅱ)浓度的提高,稀脉萍和紫萍的生长都受到显著抑制;(2)Pb(Ⅱ)对稀脉萍和紫萍叶绿素的产生都有抑制的作用,但稀脉萍的叶绿素含量的变化幅度较大,当Pb(Ⅱ)浓度为30mg/L,经4d处理后稀脉萍和紫萍的Chl.a、Chl.b和Chl(.a+b)分别比其对照降低了39%、42%、40%和13%、33%、21%。当Pb(Ⅱ)浓度为1～15mg/L时,两种浮萍叶绿素a和叶绿素b之间的比值均随着重金属浓度梯度的升高而降低。(3)经4d处理,稀脉萍和紫萍的可溶性蛋白含量分别比其对照降低了32%和30%。(4)经4d处理,稀脉萍的POD活性在Pb(Ⅱ)浓度为20mg/L时达到峰值,而紫萍在本实验Pb(Ⅱ)浓度设置范围内未有峰值,且最大值相比较分别高出其对照41%和100%。稀脉萍和紫萍可用作Pb(Ⅱ)对水生植物的毒性效应监测,采用生长情况、叶绿素含量等作为监测指标,而稀脉萍对Pb(Ⅱ)胁迫更为敏感。     

明亮发光杆菌毒性试验在生活饮用水水质监测中的应用

5．12四川汶川地震发生以后,为保障救灾部队及灾区群众的饮水安全,成都军区环境监测中心站对成都军区联勤部设在北川的供水站进行了水质监测,采用明亮发光杆菌毒性试验测定饮用水的急性综合毒性。结果表明,该供水站出水对生物体的急性综合毒性为低毒。测定结果与pH、氰化物、挥发酚、六价铬、砷、汞、硝酸盐氮等理化指标的监测结果有可比性,建议将两类监测方法结合使用。     

邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物（PAEs）是一类危险性较大的环境污染物;其分布广,难降解,具有致畸、致癌、致突变性和遗传毒性,能够干扰动物和人体的内分泌系统,也对人和动物的生殖系统造成较大的危害。本文根据国内外的最新研究成果,综述了PAEs的检测方法、毒性效应、分布和降解方法,并对今后PAEs的研究趋势进行了展望。     

重金属对猪场废水厌氧消化蓄积抑制

为了探明重金属离子在猪场废水厌氧消化中的蓄积抑制作用,用急性抑制试验法和蓄积抑制试验法,研究了Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr3+对厌氧消化的半抑制浓度和蓄积特性.结果表明,Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr3+对厌氧消化的半抑制浓度分别为1.26、1.79和2.10 mg·g+1(以VSS计),当Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr3+的浓度分别累积到1.92 mg·g-1,0.96 mg·g-1和2.24 mg·g-1(以VSS计)时,甲烷产生速率被抑制50%,说明Zn2+属于高度蓄积,Cu2+和Cr3+为明显蓄积.     

三种氯代酚的水生态毒理和水质基准

氯酚化合物主要包括2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚等, 是一类重要的化工产品, 在环境中分布广泛. 氯酚在水体中的生态毒理行为一直是人们关注的焦点. 本文概述了2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚在水环境中的迁移归趋, 在水生生物体内的吸收代谢及其生态毒性和毒理特性. 在此基础上, 对3种氯代酚的水生态基准进行推导讨论, 以期为氯酚类污染物的环境管理、安全评价和污染防治提供基础资料.     

Effect of sub-acute exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in Juvenile Carp （Cyprinus carpio）

Increasing application of nanotechnology highlights the need to clarify and understand nanotoxicity. Mammalian and in vitro studies have raised concerns about the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs), but there are limited data on ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms. In this work, the sub-acute toxicity of TiO₂-NPs to carp (Cyprinus carpio) was assessed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in liver, gill and brain tissues of carps varied with concentration of TiO₂-NPs suspensions and exposure time (up to 8 d). As a result, 100 and 200 mg/L TiO₂-NPs caused statistically significant decrease in SOD, CAT and POD activities and significant increase in LPO levels in tissues (P < 0.05), suggesting that the fish exposed to these two concentrations of TiO₂-NPs suffered from the oxidative stress. The extent of depletion of antioxidant enzymes activities and the elevation of LPO in the liver was the greatest, indicating that the liver might be the most susceptible organ to TiO₂-NPs exposure. In addition, carps had gill pathologies including edema and thickening of gill lamellae as well as gill filaments, and liver pathologies including necrotic and apoptosis hepatocytes after exposed to 100 and 200 mg/L TiO₂-NPs for 20 d. These results indicated a potential risk from TiO₂-NPs released into the aqueous environment.